SuGoiSuす語彙すGrammar
N5 · 01 First sentences
N5 · 02 Pointing, asking, counting
- これ・それ・あれthis / that / that over there
- この・その・あのthis / that + noun
- ここ・そこ・あそこhere / there / over there
- だれ・なに・どこ・いつ・いくらwho / what / where / when / how much
- 〜つ・〜人・〜枚 (counters)counters for things
- 〜時〜分 (telling time)o'clock; minutes
- 〜月〜日 (dates)month / day of the month
- からfrom; since
- までuntil; as far as; even
- 〜まではas far as (contrast); up until
- こそあど (これ・この・ここ・こちら…)this / that / that over there / which: the whole family
N5 · 03 Particles and where things are
- へtoward (direction)
- あるthere is; to have (things)
- いるthere is; to be (living)
- 上・下・中 (position words)above / below / inside
- 〜にはas for in / at / for (place, time, person)
- 〜ではas for in / at (place, group)
- 〜が好きto like ...
- やand (among others)
- だけonly; just
- くらいabout; at least; as much as
- ぐらいabout; at least
- には・では・へは・にも・でもparticle + は (topic, contrast) or + も (also, even)
N5 · 04 Adjectives and comparing
- 〜なna-adjective / noun + な + noun
- 〜い (い-adjectives)adjective ending in い
- 〜な (な-adjectives)adjective + な + noun
- 〜の (the one)the one (stands in for a noun)
- 〜くないnot (i-adjective negative)
- 〜くありませんis not (polite, i-adjective)
- 〜かったwas (i-adjective past)
- 〜じゃなかったですwas not (noun / na-adj)
- 〜くadverbial form of i-adjectives
- 〜くてand; because (i-adjective)
- 〜になる・〜くなるbecome ...
- 〜にするdecide on …; make (something) …; treat as …
- あまり〜ない・全然〜ないnot very; not at all
- 一つも・何も〜ないnot even one; nothing at all
- よりthan; from
- AよりBのほうが〜B is more ... than A
- 〜がいちばん〜the most ...
- 小さな・大きな (連体詞)small / big, only before a noun
N5 · 05 Polite verbs and invitations
- 辞書形 (〜る・〜う)dictionary (plain present) form
- 〜ますpolite verb ending
- ありますthere is / there are (things); to have
- いますthere is / there are (people, animals); to be at a place
- 〜ませんpolite negative
- 〜ましたpolite past
- 〜ませんでしたpolite past negative
- 〜ましょうlet's; shall we
- 〜ませんかwon't you...? (invitation)
- 〜ましょうかshall I ...?
- 〜に行く (purpose)go in order to ...
- 〜がほしいwant (a thing)
N5 · 06 Plain forms and te-form
- だplain 'is' (copula)
- でis … and (て-form of だ)
- 〜じゃないis not (casual)
- だったwas (plain)
- 〜ないnot; do/does not (plain negative)
- 〜たpast tense (plain)
- 〜んだ・〜いだ (past)past tense (だ after ん / い)
- 〜なかったdid not (plain past negative)
- 〜て (ichidan, する, 来る)te-form: ichidan & irregular
- 〜って・〜いて・〜してte-form: godan -う/つ/る/く/す
- 〜んで・〜いでte-form with で
- 〜てte-form (connector)
N5 · 07 Using the te-form
N5 · 08 Reasons, time, giving, opinions
N4 · 01 Potential, ability & wanting
- 〜ことができるcan; be able to
- 〜れる (potential)can do; be able to
- 〜られるcan do (potential)
- 〜れる (ら抜き言葉)ra-dropping potential; casual can
- 〜が見える・〜が聞こえるcan be seen; can be heard
- 〜ようになるcome to; start to
- 〜なくなるstop being; no longer; run out
- 〜たがるwants to (third person)
- 〜がるshows signs of feeling (third person)
- あげるgive (to someone)
- くれるgive (to me)
- もらうreceive
N4 · 02 Favors, passive & causative
- 〜てあげるdo for someone
- 〜てくれるdo for me
- 〜てもらうhave someone do for me
- 〜てほしいI want you to do
- 〜ていただくhumbly receive a favor
- 〜てくれませんか・〜てもらえませんかcould you please ...?
- 〜ていただけませんかwould you kindly ...?
- 〜れる/られる (passive)passive; be done to
- 〜に〜られる (迷惑の受身)passive of annoyance; something happened to me
- 〜せる/させるmake / let someone do
- 〜せられる/〜されるbe made to do
- 〜(さ)せてください・〜(さ)せてもらうplease let me ...; be allowed to
- 〜ろ/〜れ (imperative)command form
- 〜なさいdo ... (command; instruction)
N4 · 03 Obligation, advice & negatives
- 〜なければならないmust; have to
- 〜なくてはいけないmust; have to (casual)
- 〜なきゃhave to (casual)
- 〜なくちゃhave to (casual)
- 〜なくてもいいdo not have to
- 〜ないでwithout doing; please don't
- 〜ずにwithout doing
- 〜なくてnot ..., so; without doing
- 〜ないとif you don't; have to (casual)
- 〜ほうがいいhad better; it is better to
- 〜たほうがいいyou had better
- 〜ないほうがいいhad better not
N4 · 04 Intention, plans & decisions
- 〜う/ようlet's; intend to
- 〜(よ)うと思うI am thinking of doing
- 〜つもりintend to
- 〜つもりはないhave no intention of
- 〜予定be scheduled to; plan
- 〜ことにするdecide to
- 〜ことになるit is decided that; turns out
- 〜ことにしているmake it a rule to
- 〜ことになっているit is the rule that; is scheduled to
- 〜ようにするmake an effort to
- 〜(よ)うとするtry to; be about to
- 〜(よ)うかshall I ...?; I wonder whether to ...
N4 · 05 Conditionals & suggestions
N4 · 06 Reasons, purposes & contrast
N4 · 07 Time, phases & degree
N4 · 08 Te-form helpers & contractions
N4 · 09 Appearance, hearsay & judgment
- 〜そう (looks like)looks like; seems about to
- 〜なさそうdoesn't look like; seems not to
- 〜そうだ (hearsay)I heard that...
- 〜ようだseems; like
- 〜みたいlooks like (casual)
- 〜らしいapparently; typical of
- 〜はずだshould be; expected to
- 〜かもしれないmight; may
- 〜だろうprobably (plain)
- 〜かどうかwhether or not
- 〜というcalled; named; that ...
- Nがする (sound, smell, feeling)a sound / smell / feeling is noticed: I hear, I smell, I feel
N4 · 10 Honorific & humble basics
- お〜になるhonorific verb pattern
- お〜するhumble verb pattern
- ご〜するhumble pattern for Sino-Japanese verbs
- お〜ください・ご〜くださいplease (polite request)
- 〜でございます・ございますis (very polite)
- いただくreceive (humble); eat/drink (humble)
- 〜(さ)せていただくhumbly do (with your permission)
- 〜(ら)れる (honorific)honorific form of verbs
- 伺うhumble: visit; ask; hear
- ご覧になるhonorific: see; look
- いらっしゃるhonorific: be, go, come
- いたすhumble: do
- おっしゃるhonorific: say
N4 · 11 Particles and endings, more
N3 · 01 Connecting sentences
- そのためtherefore; for that reason
- したがってaccordingly; therefore
- ところがhowever; but then (unexpectedly)
- するとand then; whereupon
- そこでso; therefore (taking action)
- それなのにand yet; even so
- それでもeven so; still
- それにbesides; what's more
- そのうえmoreover; on top of that
- しかもmoreover; and what's more
- ただしhowever; provided that
- つまりin other words; that is
- 要するにin short; to sum up
- むしろrather; if anything
- ちなみにincidentally; by the way (extra info)
- そのかわりin exchange; on the other hand
N3 · 02 Time and sequence
- 〜てからafter doing; since doing
- 〜たあとでafter doing
- 〜たびにevery time; whenever
- 〜ながらもalthough; while still
- 〜つつwhile doing; even though
- 〜ているうちにwhile doing; as time goes on
- 〜ないうちにbefore (something happens)
- 〜あいだ(に)while; during
- 〜ところへjust when; at the moment
- 〜かと思うとno sooner than; just when I thought
- 〜たきりever since; never again after
- 〜ついでにwhile at it; on the way
N3 · 03 Conditions and consequences
N3 · 04 Reasons and causes
N3 · 05 Contrast, degree and extent
N3 · 06 Purpose, decisions and verb endings
- ままas it is; unchanged
- 〜きるdo completely; to the end
- 〜ようにしているmake an effort to; try to (habitually)
- 〜ようになっているis designed so that; is set up to
- 〜ようとするtry to; be about to
- 〜つもりでwith the intention of; as if
- 〜ためにはin order to; if you want to
- 〜かけるstart to and not finish; half-done
- 〜続けるkeep doing; continue
- 〜始めるbegin to; start doing
- 〜出すsuddenly start to
- 〜直すdo again; redo
- 〜っぱなしleave as is; keep doing (carelessly)
- 〜がち(suffix) tending to; apt to; prone to (病気がち 'often ill')
N3 · 07 Appearance, hearsay & certainty
N3 · 08 Opinion, necessity & cannot-help
N3 · 09 Passive, causative & quoting
N3 · 10 Giving & receiving
N3 · 11 Honorific & humble language
N3 · 12 Emphasis, limits & comparison
N3 · 13 Particles and endings, more
- にとってfor; from the viewpoint of
- としてas; in the capacity of
- ごとevery; together with
- だってeven; but; because
- にはfor; in order to; at
- にもalso to; even to
- さcasual 'you know / of course'
- 〜んcasual negative ん (= ない)
- 〜ず(に)without doing
- 〜さnoun-making suffix (-ness)
- 〜べきshould; ought to
- 〜となるbecome; turn into; end up as (formal)
N2 · 01 Conditions and hypotheticals
- 〜としたらif we suppose; assuming that
- 〜とすればif we assume; supposing
- 〜とするとif so, then; that means
- 〜ない限りunless; as long as not
- 〜ないことにはunless; without first doing
- 〜さえ〜ばif only; all you need is
- 〜たが最後once ... (it's the end); once you do
- 〜となるとwhen it comes to; if it becomes
- 〜としてもeven if; even supposing
- 〜(よ)うが〜まいがwhether or not ...
N2 · 02 Time and sequence
- 〜か〜ないかのうちにjust as; no sooner than
- 〜や否やas soon as; the moment
- 〜て以来ever since
- 〜てはじめてonly after; not until
- 〜際にwhen; on the occasion of
- 〜に際してon the occasion of; when starting
- 〜をきっかけにtriggered by; as an opportunity
- 〜次第as soon as; depending on
- 〜最中にin the middle of
- 〜てからというものever since (a big change)
- 〜に先立ってprior to; before starting
- 〜に当たってon the occasion of; when starting
N2 · 03 Reasons and causes
- 〜ことからfrom the fact that; therefore
- 〜ばかりにjust because; simply on account of
- 〜あまりso much that; out of too much
- 〜ゆえにbecause of; therefore
- 〜以上(は)now that; since
- 〜ものだからbecause (excuse)
- 〜だけにprecisely because; as expected
- 〜からといってjust because; even though
- 〜につきdue to; per
- 〜ことだからknowing that (person); since it is
- 〜からにはnow that; since
N2 · 04 Purpose, means and scope
- 〜がためにfor the sake of; because of
- 〜のに (purpose)for the purpose of; to do
- 〜ようにとso that; with the wish that
- 〜を目的にfor the purpose of; aiming at
- 〜向けaimed at; for (target group)
- 〜を通じてthrough; throughout
- 〜を通してthrough; by means of
- 〜をもとにbased on; using as a basis
- 〜に沿ってalong; in line with
- 〜上でin doing; after doing
- 〜を問わずregardless of
- 〜に至るまでright down to; all the way to
N2 · 05 Concession and contrast
- 〜にもかかわらずin spite of; even though
- 〜つつもwhile ... still; although
- 〜とはいえalthough; that said
- 〜反面on the other hand; but also
- 〜代わりにinstead of; in return
- 〜くせにeven though (criticism)
- 〜にしてはfor; considering that
- 〜わりに(は)considering; for its
- 〜にひきかえin contrast to
- 〜どころかfar from; let alone
- 〜一方でon the one hand; meanwhile
- 〜に反してcontrary to
- に対してtoward; in contrast to
N2 · 06 Extent and degree
- 〜ほどのso ... that; enough of
- 〜ほど〜ないnot as ... as
- 〜ば〜ほどthe more ..., the more ...
- 〜ほど〜はないnothing is as ... as
- 〜に限ってof all times/people; especially
- 〜に限らずnot only; not limited to
- 〜とともにtogether with; as ... also
- 〜につれてas ... changes; along with
- 〜にしたがってin accordance with; as
- 〜に伴ってalong with; accompanying
- 〜に応じてaccording to; in response to
- 〜に比べてcompared with
- によってby; depending on
N2 · 07 Verb-form patterns
N2 · 08 Inference and judgment
N2 · 09 Limits and inclusion
N2 · 10 Emphasis and attitude
N2 · 11 Formal and written style
N2 · 12 Honorific and humble set forms
N2 · 13 Obligation and permission
- 〜ねばならないmust; have to (stiff)
- 〜なくてはならないmust; have to
- 〜べきではないshould not
- 〜ものではないone should not; it is not (the thing)
- 〜ないではおかないwill inevitably; is bound to
- 〜ないではすまないcannot get away without
- 〜てはいられないcan't afford to; can't keep on
- 〜ほかないhave no choice but to
- 〜てもかまわないit doesn't matter if; may
- 〜ても差し支えないit does no harm to; may
N2 · 14 Quoting and set expressions
N2 · 15 More patterns
N1 · 01 Conditions and hypotheticals
- 〜ようものならif so much as; the moment
- 〜ものならif one could (but can't)
- 〜たら最後once ... it's over
- 〜が最後once ... that's the end
- 〜とあらばif it comes to ...; if required
- 〜ともなるとwhen it comes to; once it gets to
- 〜ともなればwhen it comes to; once it is
- 〜いかんではdepending on ...; if ... turns out
- 〜なくして(は)without ...; unless there is
- 〜(よ)うがno matter how/what ...
- 〜ようによってはdepending on how ...
- 〜ようではif you are the kind of ...
- 〜次第ではdepending on ...
N1 · 02 Time and sequence
- 〜が早いかthe moment; as soon as
- なりeither … or; as soon as
- 〜そばからno sooner ... than (again)
- 〜を限りにfrom ... on; as of
- 〜に至って(は)only when it reached ...; at the stage of
- 〜ずじまいended up not ...
- 〜あかつきにはwhen ... is achieved
- 〜矢先にjust when; right as
- 〜を皮切りにstarting with ...
- 〜を境にafter; with ... as the turning point
- 〜を機にtaking the opportunity of
N1 · 03 Reasons and causes
N1 · 04 Concession and contrast
N1 · 05 Contrast, comparison and extent
N1 · 06 Forms of verbs and nouns
N1 · 07 Possibility, necessity and limits
N1 · 08 Extremes and impossibility
- 〜べくもないno way to; cannot hope to
- 〜すべがないno means of doing
- 〜をおいて他にないnobody/nothing but; no one else but
- 〜に足るworthy of; enough to
- 〜に堪えるworth doing; can bear
- 〜に堪えないcannot bear; deeply (feeling)
- 〜かぎりだextremely (feeling)
- 〜極まるextremely; utterly
- 〜極まりないextremely; extraordinarily
- 〜の極みthe height of; extreme
- 〜この上ないthe greatest; unsurpassed
- 〜の至りthe height of; utmost
- 〜に難くないeasy to (imagine)
- 〜ようにも〜ないwant to but cannot
N1 · 09 Emphasis and feeling
- 〜てやまないnever stop (wishing)
- 〜ずにはおかないwill surely; cannot fail to
- 〜てしかるべきonly natural; ought to be
- 〜んがためin order to
- 〜んばかりas if about to; almost
- 〜といったらないextremely; indescribably
- 〜たりともnot even one
- 〜ならではunique to; only possible with
- 〜だにしないnot even imagine
- 〜を禁じ得ないcannot help feeling
- 〜て余りあるmore than enough
- すらeven
- だにeven (literary)
N1 · 10 Obligation and prohibition
N1 · 11 Formal and written style
- 〜をもってすればwith (this) at hand
- 〜に即してin line with; based on
- 〜をはじめとしてstarting with; such as
- 〜にかかわるconcerning; affecting
- 〜たるものas someone who is a (role)
- 〜と相まってtogether with; combined with
- 〜にあってin; at; under
- 〜とてeven if; as for
- 〜をものともせずin spite of; undaunted by
- 〜をよそにignoring; as if unconcerned
- 〜ながらにしてwhile (staying) as is
N1 · 12 Inference and judgment
- 〜まいかperhaps; should we not...?
- 〜かのようだas if; as though
- 〜ごとし・〜ごとくlike; as if (literary)
- 〜と思いきやI thought ... but
- 〜ともなくwithout really (intending)
- 〜やもしれないmight; may
- 〜と思われるit seems that
- 〜ところをみるとjudging from the fact that
- 〜とばかりにas if to say
- 〜と言っても過言ではないit is no exaggeration to say
- 〜得る・〜得ないcan; possible to
- 〜ものをbut; if only
N1 · 13 Limits and inclusion
N1 · 14 Set expressions and idioms
- 〜までもないno need to
- 〜ことなしにwithout doing
- 〜いかんによらずregardless of
- 〜次第だit depends on; that's how
- 〜をいいことにtaking advantage of
- 〜にかこつけてusing as an excuse
- 〜かたがたwhile also; on the occasion of
- 〜がてらwhile; on the occasion of
- 〜に至ってはas for; when it comes to
- 〜とあればif it is for; if that's the case
- 〜ないとも限らないcannot be ruled out
- 〜に越したことはないit's best to
Character speech · 01 I and you
Character speech · 02 Endings and verbs
- ぞemphatic (masculine)
- ぜlet's / you know (masculine)
- かしらI wonder (feminine)
- じゃis (old-man speech)
- 〜のじゃit is that ... (old speech)
- 〜じゃろうprobably (old speech)
- ござるto be; there is (archaic)
- 〜でござるis (samurai speech)
- 〜ですわ(refined lady) is ...
- 〜わい(old/rough male emphasis)
- 〜のうyou know (old speech)
- 〜であろうwill be; probably (literary)
- 〜であったwas (literary)
- 〜せぬdo not (archaic)
- 〜だぜ(cool male emphasis)
- 〜でありますis (military speech)
More · Sentence-final
More · Basic
More · Mood & voice
More · Time & aspect
More · Opinion & reasoning
More · Archaic & character speech
More · From texts
- かもmay; might
- によるby means of; due to
- にかけてtill; to; concerning (an area of expertise); swearing by (one's sword, God, etc.)
- によりby; due to; according to; depending on (formal, written)
- に対するregarding; in
- に従ってin accordance with; according to
- なあ(sentence-final) feeling or musing: ah, how…!; I wish…; also a call for attention: hey, say
- だり-ing and -ing (e.g. "coming and going"); doing such things as...; expresses a command
- ともof course!; (suffix) both, all (両日とも 'both days'); (after a clause) even if, no matter how; also と + も
- ごとしlike; as if
- どbut; however
- にゃ(character speech) cat-like sentence ending 'nya'; also colloquial contraction of 〜ねば 'if not'
- と共にtogether with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
- におけるin; at
- べword used at sentence-end (like a particle) to indicate speculation, volition or invitation; familiar suffix used after a personal name
- にわたりthroughout; over a period of ...
- 如しlike; as if
- に従いin accordance with; according to
- どもbut; however; even though; even if
- 迄until (a time); till; to (a place); as far as; to (an extent); up to
- にあたりon the occasion of; at the time of
- につれas (X, then Y); with
- に対しtoward; against
- にてat; in; at; when; by; with
- かい(casual, mostly male speech) sentence-final question particle: is it…?; 〜のかい 'is it that…?'
- やす(rough, roguish speech) polite verb ending like ます (ついて行きやす 'I will follow')
- っす(casual polite, young male speech) short for です / ます
- ねえ(rough speech) = ない: not, isn't (〜じゃねえ 'it isn't'); also a drawn-out ね: right?, hey
- だのand; or
- やいなやthe minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; whether or not
- じゃん(casual) sentence ending asking for agreement: isn't it?; right?; you know (from じゃない)