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Grammar › N2 · 03 Reasons and causes

〜以上(は): now that; since

N2 · 03 Reasons and causes

Says that because a situation is already fixed, you must act accordingly.

Plain form + 以上(は), then a strong statement: duty, decision or judgment (〜べきだ, 〜なければならない). Example: やると決めた以上、最後までやる. Close to 〜からには, but a bit firmer and more logical.

Examples

Now that I have promised, I must keep it.

Since you live in Japan, you had better learn Japanese.

Study 〜以上(は) in the course →