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Grammar › N1 · 01 Conditions and hypotheticals

〜なくして(は): without ...; unless there is

N1 · 01 Conditions and hypotheticals

Says that without X, Y is impossible.

Noun + なくして(は), followed by a negative or "cannot" sentence. Formal and written, often used with big values: 努力なくして成功なし. Compare 〜がなければ, which is plain and common.

Examples

Without effort, success is impossible.

Without everyone's cooperation, this plan could not have been realized.

Study 〜なくして(は) in the course →