家とムラ
Houses and Villages
弥生時代の人々も、竪穴住居に住みました。
People in the Yayoi period also lived in pit houses.
竪穴住居は、地面を掘って、柱を立て、屋根をかけた家です。
A pit house is a house built by digging the ground, raising pillars, and putting on a roof.
このころには、地面を掘らずに、平らな地面に建てた家も作られました。
By this time, houses built on flat ground without digging were also made.
その家を、平地住居といいます。
Such a house is called a flat-ground house (heichi jūkyo).
稲作が始まると、ムラは大きくなったと考えられています。
It is thought that villages grew larger once rice farming began.
田んぼの近くに家が集まって、人が増えたからです。
This was because houses gathered near the paddy fields and the population increased.
ムラには、住む家のほかに、倉庫や墓もありました。
Besides homes to live in, villages also had storehouses and graves.
弥生時代には、まわりを堀で囲んだムラが現れました。
In the Yayoi period, villages surrounded by moats appeared.
堀とは、地面を深く掘った溝のことです。
A moat is a deep trench dug in the ground.
このようなムラを、環濠集落といいます。
A village like this is called a moated settlement (kangō shūraku).
堀の内側には、柵や物見やぐらが作られたムラもありました。
Some villages had fences and watchtowers built inside the moat.
柵は木の囲いで、物見やぐらは、遠くを見張るための高い建物です。
A fence is an enclosure of wood, and a watchtower is a tall building for watching far away.
山や丘の上に作られたムラもありました。
There were also villages built on mountains and hills.
このムラを、高地性集落といいます。
This kind of village is called a hilltop settlement (kōchisei shūraku).
西日本に多く、敵から身を守るために作られたと考えられています。
Many of them are in western Japan, and they are thought to have been built to protect people from enemies.
ムラのつくりから、争いが増えたと考えられています。
From the layout of villages, it is thought that conflicts had increased.
吉野ヶ里遺跡という大きな環濠集落のことは、あとで読みます。
We will read about a large moated settlement, the Yoshinogari site, later.